{"source":"Cliopatria (Seshat Global History Databank), CC BY 4.0","credits":[{"realms":"Canada from Confederation (1867), Newfoundland (1907), Australia (1788 to 1904), New Zealand (1907) and South Africa (1910): dominions Cliopatria draws inside the British Empire until 1932 to 1948, and the Australian land Britain claimed before it settled it","title":"Admin 0 – Countries and Admin 1 – States, Provinces (without large lakes), 1:10m","author":"Natural Earth","url":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","changes":"Present-day provinces and states joined in the order they entered Canada (each feature's Joins names the step), Ontario and Quebec cut back to their 1867 limits along the approximate Hudson Bay watershed, and Australia cut along 135°E and 129°E for the early New South Wales claims; simplified"},{"realms":"Land Mexico (1822 to 1853), Russia (Russian America, 1799 to 1866) and Denmark (Greenland, 1921 to 1945) owned beyond what Cliopatria draws","title":"Admin 0 – Countries, and the treaty lines of united-states.geojson","author":"Natural Earth","url":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","changes":"Mexico's northern land is the US file's Texas, Mexican Cession and Gadsden Purchase areas; Russian America is its Alaska Purchase; Greenland is the whole island; simplified. Each feature's Claim says what it adds"},{"realms":"French India's five trading posts (Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahé, Yanam and Chandernagore, 1673 to 1954) and the French Mascarene Islands (Réunion from 1665, Mauritius from 1721 to 1810), which Cliopatria draws as one realm with the Comoros and parts of Madagascar","title":"Admin 1 – States, Provinces, 1:10m","author":"Natural Earth","url":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","changes":"Pondicherry, Karikal and Yanam are the parts of today's Puducherry; Mahé and Chandernagore, too small for Natural Earth, are squares of their area (9 and 19 km²) centred on the town; the islands keep Cliopatria's outlines. Each feature's Held names what France held in its years"},{"realms":"Magadha, the Nanda, Maurya and Shunga empires, 600 to 171 BCE","title":"Magadha Expansion 1.gif","author":"Avantiputra7","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magadha_Expansion_1.gif","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","changes":"Traced and georeferenced from the animation's frames; years set per frame (see each feature's Frame)","basedOn":"Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia (1992), plates III.B.4b and XIV.1a-c"},{"realms":"The Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe","title":"African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg","author":"Jeff Israel (ZyMOS)","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/","changes":"Taken from the map's vector outline and georeferenced by fitting its coastline to Natural Earth's; the map calls itself an artistic interpretation and gives no dates, so the years are the kingdom's"},{"realms":"The Luba kingdoms, around 1850","title":"Lunda Empire.png","author":"Library of Congress, Zaire: A Country Study (1994), after Jan Vansina, Kingdoms of the Savanna (1968)","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunda_Empire.png","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunda_Empire.png","changes":"Traced and georeferenced with the present-day border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that it draws"},{"realms":"The United States' land from 1783 to 1889: the land it owned after each treaty or purchase, from the Treaty of Paris (1783) to the Alaska Purchase (1867)","title":"Admin 1 – States, Provinces (without large lakes) and Rivers + lake centerlines, 1:10m","author":"Natural Earth","url":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/","license":"Public domain","licenseUrl":"https://www.naturalearthdata.com/about/terms-of-use/","changes":"Present-day states cut along the treaty lines (the Mississippi, the 1819 Adams-Onís line along the Arkansas River, the Continental Divide, 42°N, the Gila River); each feature's Acquisition names the treaty or purchase"},{"realms":"The Bamana Empire of Ségou, Kaarta, Kong, the Mossi and Hausa kingdoms, as at the end of the 18th century","title":"Africa de l'Oèst (fin sègle XVIII).png","author":"Nicolas Eynaud","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_(fin_s%C3%A8gle_XVIII).png","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licenseUrl":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","changes":"Traced and georeferenced with 16 of the towns it marks and its coastline; each feature's Map names the area it was traced 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Empire":[-600,-531],"Janapada of Malla":[-600,-461],"Janapada of Aśmaka":[-600,-351],"Janapada of Vajji":[-600,-481],"Janapada of Cedī":[-600,-451],"Janapada of Kuru":[-600,-405],"Janapada of Kosala":[-600,-461],"Janapada of Matsya":[-600,-405],"Janapada of Surasena":[-600,-405],"Janapada of Pañcāla":[-600,-405],"Janapada of Vatsa":[-600,-461],"Janapada of Gandhāra":[-600,-501],"Janapada of Kāśī":[-600,-461],"Janapada of Kamboja":[-600,-501],"Peloponnesian League":[-550,-338],"Achaemenid Empire":[-550,-327],"Yue":[-500,-334],"Roman Republic":[-500,-32],"Zapotec Civilization":[-500,895],"Mahajanapadas":[-480,-451],"Odrysian Kingdom":[-450,-338],"Yuezhi":[-404,42],"Zhao":[-404,-226],"Cimmerian Bosporus":[-404,372],"Wei":[-404,-204],"Han":[-404,-203],"Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt":[-383,-338],"Minaeans":[-383,-26],"Second Athenian League":[-366,-338],"Sacred Band of Thebes":[-366,-351],"Zhongshan":[-366,-292],"Thebans":[-350,-338],"Qataban":[-350,183],"Minyue":[-333,-111],"Kingdom of 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Kingdoms":[587,824],"Western Göktürks":[587,660],"Karkota Dynasty":[592,859],"Kingdom of Dunoting":[592,625],"Pandya Dynasty":[592,921],"Kingdom of Rheged":[592,646],"Gauda Kingdom":[602,611],"Dumnonia":[602,709],"Magna Frisia":[602,771],"Frisia Kingdom":[612,717],"Kingdom of Northumbria":[612,935],"Harsha's Empire":[612,655],"Tibetan Empire":[623,849],"Tang Dynasty":[623,910],"Samo's Empire":[623,660],"Gao Kaidao":[623,625],"Kashmir":[626,1343],"Aquitaine":[629,895],"Khazaria":[630,979],"Rashidun Caliphate":[633,665],"Byzantine Empire":[633,1474],"Old Great Bulgaria":[633,681],"Balasagan":[638,646],"Kingdom of Lazica":[638,777],"Lavo Kingdom":[638,1394],"Dabuyid Dynasty":[644,756],"Strathclyde":[644,1033],"Khadga Dynasty":[656,704],"Umayyad Caliphate":[656,756],"Haripuñjaya":[661,1293],"Carantania":[661,749],"Turks":[666,756],"Sunda Kingdom":[674,1578],"Srivijaya":[674,1293],"Volga Bulgaria":[674,1235],"Galuh Kingdom":[674,1481],"Unified Silla":[682,935],"Principality of 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